ampakine cx614  (Tocris)

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Respiratory depression and analgesia by opioid drugs in freely behaving larval zebrafish

doi: 10.7554/elife.63407

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Respiratory depression and respiratory stimulants in larval zebrafish. (A) The respiratory stimulant BIMU8 (10 mM), a 5-HT4A serotonin receptor agonist, in combination with fentanyl (n = 20) was compared to fentanyl alone (n = 4) or BIMU8 alone (n = 21). BIMU8 was not sufficient to reverse respiratory depression by fentanyl. (B) The AMPA positive allosteric modulator CX614 (5 mM) and fentanyl (n = 6) were also compared to fentanyl alone (n = 7) or control (n = 7). CX614 + fentanyl group showed significantly higher respiratory rate than fentanyl, DMSO, and control. (C) The analgesic lidocaine (n = 4) was compared to DMSO (0.0016%) (n = 5) and control (n = 5) and showed lower respiratory rate than the control group. Normalized data are presented as means ± standard deviations. Circles indicate individual data points for each zebrafish measured. Black lines and * indicate groups significantly different with p<0.05. Source data can be found in Figure 4—source data 1. The online version of this article includes the following source data for figure 4:

Article Snippet: The MOR antagonist CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2), lidocaine, the Ampakine CX614, and the 5-HT4A receptor agonist BIMU8 were obtained from Tocris (ON, Canada).

Techniques: Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Respiratory depression and analgesia by opioid drugs in freely behaving larval zebrafish

doi: 10.7554/elife.63407

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Analgesic profiles of larval zebrafish. (A) To determine whether the analgesia assay can be replicated with non-opioid analgesics, we used lidocaine, an analgesic widely used in the clinic. Lidocaine with formalin (n = 19) only moderately reduced swimming velocity compared to formalin alone (n = 10). (B) The respiratory stimulant BIMU8 administered with fentanyl and formalin (n = 17) did not significantly affect swimming velocity when compared to formalin/fentanyl (n = 8). On the other hand, CX614/formalin/fentanyl (n = 12) presented significant differences compared to the control (n = 21). (C) We also looked at the analgesic properties of fentanyl in Tu¨ bingen zebrafish. As observed with the respiratory assays, fentanyl (n = 10) did not reduce the swimming response compared to formalin alone (n = 9) as it did with AB zebrafish. All data are presented as medians with error bars showing 25th and 75th percentile or interquartile range. Circles indicate individual data points for each zebrafish measured. * indicates groups significantly different with p<0.05. Source data can be found in Figure 7—source data 1. The online version of this article includes the following source data and figure supplement(s) for figure 7:

Article Snippet: The MOR antagonist CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2), lidocaine, the Ampakine CX614, and the 5-HT4A receptor agonist BIMU8 were obtained from Tocris (ON, Canada).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Hippocampus

Article Title: Hippocampal gamma rhythms during Y-maze navigation in the juvenile rat

doi: 10.1002/hipo.23168

Figure Lengend Snippet: Local field potential recording and analysis during Y-maze exploration. (a)) Behavior testing schedule. Each animal explored the maze for 8 min on each day at P18, 19, 23, and 24. Either CX614 (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (counterbalanced within animal) was administered 30 min prior to the trial on each testing day. (b) Representative unfiltered local field potential activity during 1 s of maze exploration from one trial, showing location of lowermost electrode in stratum radiatum of hippocampal area CA1. Scale bar is 0.1 ms and 2 mV. (c) Snapshot of video captured during Y-maze exploration. (d) Time-frequency varying power of signal in (b) following convolution with Morlet wavelets and z-scoring. Discrete activity in different wavebands (theta, 4–12 Hz; slow gamma, 25–55 Hz; fast gamma, 65–100 Hz) is apparent. (e) Representative Nissl stained coronal section of an implanted brain showing probe tract terminating in stratum radiatum

Article Snippet: The AMPAKINE, CX614 (a kind gift from Cortex Pharmaceuticals), was dissolved in (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich) solution (equal parts phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sterile water, and cyclodextrin powder) immediately prior to use.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining